If life gives you lemons

.title[
# If life gives you lemons
]
.subtitle[
## analyze the shape of their aroma
]
.author[
### <strong>Erik Amézquita</strong>, Michelle Quigley, Tim Ophelders <br> Danelle Seymour, Elizabeth Munch, Dan Chitwood <br> -
]
.institute[
### Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering <br> Michigan State University <br> -
]
.date[
### 2023-07-24<br> - <br> Published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10333">Plants, People, Planet (2022)</a>
]

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# When life gives you lemons...

<p style="font-size: 24px; text-align: right; font-family: 'Yanone Kaffeesatz'">Check out more 3D X-ray CT scans at <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@endlessforms6756">youtube.com/@endlessforms6756</a></p>

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## Think of citrus as lego blocks

![](../figs/citrus_family_tree_1.jpg)
<p style="font-size: 8px; text-align: right; color: Grey;"> Credits: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25447">Wu <em>et al.</em> (2018)</a></p>

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## Citrus originated 8M* years ago

Originated in South and South East Asia, and Australia.

<img src="../figs/precursor_citrus_geo_distribution.jpg" width="570" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
<p style="font-size: 8px; text-align: right; color: Grey;"> Credits: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25447">Wu <em>et al.</em> (2018)</a></p>

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## Genetic distances between citrus

<img src="../figs/../figs/precursor_citrus_phylogenetic.jpg" width="550" style="display: block; margin: auto auto auto 0;" />
<p style="font-size: 8px; text-align: center; color: Grey;"> Credits: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25447">Wu <em>et al.</em> (2018)</a></p>

10* _fundamental_ citrus gave rise to all citrus diversity we see today

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# More than just oranges

## Not part of my own research

## (but citrus are too cool to not mention these)

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# A fruit of a goodly tree

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# Western medicine and nutrition

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## Rise of the Mafia

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# Citrus Variety Collection @ UC Riverside

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# Back on track

## Now some cool mathematics

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## Raw Data: X-rays &rarr; Image Processing

<div class="row">
  <div class="column" style="max-width:38%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img style="padding: 2px 0 2px 0;" src="../../citrus/crc_pics/crc_diversity.jpg">
    <p style="text-align: center;"> UCR Collaboration </p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:38%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img style="padding: 2px 0 2px 0;" src="../../citrus/crc_pics/citrus_xrayct_scanning.jpeg">
    <p style="text-align: center;"> 3D X-Ray CT scan </p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:23%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img src="../../citrus/figs/SR01_CRC3289_12B-19-9_L01_raw.gif">
    <p style="text-align: center;"> Raw </p>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="row" style="margin: 0 auto;">
  <div class="column" style="max-width:20%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img src="../figs/SR01_L01_black_spine.gif">
    <p style="text-align: center;"> Spine </p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:20%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img src="../figs/SR01_L01_black_endocarp.gif">
    <p style="text-align: center;"> Endocarp </p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:20%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img src="../figs/SR01_L01_black_rind.gif">
    <p style="text-align: center;"> Rind </p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:20%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img src="../figs/SR01_L01_black_exocarp.gif">
    <p style="text-align: center;"> Exocarp </p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:20%; color: Navy; font-size: 15px;">
    <img src="../figs/SR01_L01_black_oil_glands.gif">
    <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Oil glands</strong></p>
  </div>
</div>

---

## Oil glands and the shape of fruit development

.pull-left[
![](https://www.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/5eec755907306_07f29bfovq551-png__700.jpg)
<p style="font-size: 8px; text-align: right; color: Grey;"> Credits: <a href="https://www.boredpanda.com/life-cycles-pics/">BoredPanda</a></p>

Developing cycle of a lemon
]

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# Compare ~~apples~~ lemons to oranges

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## Citrus modeling: Sour and sweet orange

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# But then, what distribution do oil glands follow?

## Spherical Kernel Density Estimates FTW

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# Spherical KDE

![](../figs/WR19_CRC3842_18B-18-5_L00_emi_kde_N.jpg)

- A taste of directional statistics

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# Summary

]

.right-column[
- It is possible to **compare** ~~apples~~ limes to oranges, despite diversity in shapes and sizes.

- We can define the **distribution** of oil glands for most of the citrus.

- **First** time citrus shape has been examined using X-ray CT scans.

- AFAIK, this is also the **first** time directional statistics have been **applied** to plant biology.
]

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# Thank you!

<div class="row">
  <div class="column" style="max-width:15%; font-size: 15px;">
    <img style="padding: 0 0 0 0;" src="https://impacts.natsci.msu.edu/sites/_impacts/cache/file/88B73780-59CE-416F-92FF20D18DD8F4DC_medium.jpg">
    <p style="text-align: center; color: White">Liz Munch (MSU)</p>
    <img style="padding: 0 0 0 0;" src="https://alga.win.tue.nl/images/staff/tim.jpg">
    <p style="text-align: center; color: White">Tim Ophelders (Utrecht)</p>
    <img style="padding: 0 0 0 0;" src="https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/926632407748609-1597937790454_Q128/Michelle-Quigley.jpg">
    <p style="text-align: center; color: White">Michelle Quigley<br>(PSU)</p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:15%; font-size: 15px;">
    <img style="padding: 0 0 0 0;" src="https://www.canr.msu.edu/contentAsset/image/9ae9777d-157c-46e6-9f12-d062ad35671e/fileAsset/filter/Jpeg,Resize,Crop/jpeg_q/80/resize_w/400/crop_x/0/crop_y/45/crop_w/400/crop_h/400">
    <p style="text-align: center; color: White">Dan Chitwood<br>(MSU)</p>
    <img style="padding: 0 0 0 0;" src="https://iigb.ucr.edu/sites/g/files/rcwecm5716/files/styles/scale_225/public/Seymour.jpg?itok=pnUK_orh">
  <p style="text-align: center; color: White">Danelle Seymour<br>(UC Riverside)</p>
  </div>
  <div class="column" style="max-width:65%; font-size: 24px; line-height:1.25; margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;">
  <p style="text-align: center; color: White"><strong>Email</strong>: <span style="color: Yellow">eah4d@missouri.edu</span></p>
  <p style="text-align: center; color: White"><strong>Slides</strong>: <span style="color: Yellow">ejamezquita.github.io</span></p>
  <img style="padding: 0 0 0 0;" src="../figs/citrus_diagnostic.gif">
  </div>
</div>